Lysosomal Disorders and Mucopolysaccharidosis Panel

Summary
Is a 102 gene panel that includes assessment of non-coding variants.

Is ideal for patients with a clinical suspicion of lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs), mucolipidoses, mucopolysaccharidoses, glycoprotein storage disorders or lipid storage disorders. The genes on this panel are included in the Comprehensive Metabolism Panel.

Analysis methods
  • PLUS
Availability
4 weeks
Number of genes
102
Test code
ME1501
Panel tier
Tier 2
CPT Code *
81404 x3, 81405 x9, 81406 x10, 81407, 81479
* The CPT codes provided are based on AMA guidelines and are for informational purposes only. CPT coding is the sole responsibility of the billing party. Please direct any questions regarding coding to the payer being billed.

Summary

The Blueprint Genetics Lysosomal Disorders and Mucopolysaccharidosis Panel (test code ME1501):

Read about our accreditations, certifications and CE-marked IVD medical devices here.

All exons of the *GBA* gene have segmentally duplicated pseudogenes that reduce sensitivity of NGS diagnostics in general. However, Blueprint Genetics custom assay has good coverage (>20x) with high mapping rates (mapping quality >40) for 100.0% of the target regions in *GBA* gene. Our validation showed high mean coverage of 184X for the *GBA* gene. Thus, our NGS Panel is not expected to have major limitations in detecting variants in *GBA* gene although clinical validation has not been performed at large scale for Gaucher disease.

ICD Codes

Refer to the most current version of ICD-10-CM manual for a complete list of ICD-10 codes.

Sample Requirements

  • Blood (min. 1ml) in an EDTA tube
  • Extracted DNA, min. 2 μg in TE buffer or equivalent
  • Saliva (Please see Sample Requirements for accepted saliva kits)

Label the sample tube with your patient’s name, date of birth and the date of sample collection.

We do not accept DNA samples isolated from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue. In addition, if the patient is affected with a hematological malignancy, DNA extracted from a non-hematological source (e.g. skin fibroblasts) is strongly recommended.

Please note that, in rare cases, mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) variants may not be detectable in blood or saliva in which case DNA extracted from post-mitotic tissue such as skeletal muscle may be a better option.

Read more about our sample requirements here.

About fifty different lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs) have been identified. These disorders are caused by mutations that result in the deficiency or reduced activity of intracellular enzymes that catabolize biological macromolecules. LSDs are caused by lysosomal dysfunction as the result of a single enzyme deficiency required for the metabolism of lipids, glycoproteins or mucopolysaccharides. These absence or impaired effectiveness of these enzymes results in accumulation of specific macromolecular compounds within lysosomes in various tissues and organs, causing progressive damage that can become life-threatening in some diseases. Although each LSD is individually rare, as a group they have an incidence of about 1/7,000-8,000 live births, varying between different populations. LSDs may be variably expressed as infantile, juvenile, or adult forms. In adult-onset diseases, the pathogenesis is usually slower than in the infantile or juvenile forms, and may include peripheral and CNS symptoms, whereas infantile and juvenile forms often involve progressive central nervous system involvement in addition to peripheral symptoms. LSDs exhibit clinical heterogeneity. Symptomatic pathology may be a function of mutation type and residual enzyme levels and specific mutations or types of mutations may be connected to discrete disease effects even if genotype-phenotype correlations are not strong. Most of LSDs are autosomal recessively inherited, however a few are X-linked recessively inherited, such as Fabry disease and Hunter syndrome (MPS2). Other examples of LSDs covered by this panel are Gaucher’s disease (the most common LSD), Tay-Sachs disease, Type II Pompe Disease, Salla disease, Krabbe disease and Hurler disease. Enzyme-replacement therapy (ERT) is now commercially available for six LSDs, typically used lifelong with specific management practices for each.

Genes in the Lysosomal Disorders and Mucopolysaccharidosis Panel and their clinical significance

To view complete table content, scroll horizontally.

Gene Associated phenotypes Inheritance ClinVar HGMD
ABCC8 Hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia, Diabetes, permanent neonatal, Hypoglycemia, leucine-induced, Diabetes mellitus, transient neonatal, Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) AD/AR 170 641
ACY1 Aminoacylase 1 deficiency AR 5 14
ADAMTSL2#* Geleophysic dysplasia 3 AR 8 28
ADSL Adenylosuccinase deficiency AR 24 57
AGA Aspartylglucosaminuria AR 48 37
ALDH5A1 Succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency AR 16 70
ALDH7A1 Epilepsy, pyridoxine-dependent AR 52 123
AMT Glycine encephalopathy AR 42 95
ANTXR2 Hyalinosis, infantile systemic, Fibromatosis, juveline hyaline AR 17 47
ARG1 Hyperargininemia AR 28 54
ARSA Metachromatic leukodystrophy AR 113 246
ARSB Mucopolysaccharidosis (Maroteaux-Lamy) AR 118 201
ASAH1 Spinal muscular atrophy with progressive myoclonic epilepsy, Farber lipogranulomatosis AR 16 71
ASPA Aspartoacylase deficiency (Canavan disease) AR 54 102
ATP13A2 Parkinson disease (Kufor-Rakeb syndrome) AR 21 40
BTD Biotinidase deficiency AR 170 247
CLN3 Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, type 3 AR 100 72
CLN5 Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, type 5 AR 62 47
CLN6 Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, type 6 AR 41 83
CLN8 Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, type 8 AR 45 44
COL11A2 Weissenbacher-Zweymuller syndrome, Deafness, Otospondylomegaepiphyseal dysplasia, Fibrochondrogenesis, Stickler syndrome type 3 (non-ocular) AD/AR 29 57
COL2A1 Avascular necrosis of femoral head, Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, Epiphyseal dysplasia, with myopia and deafness, Czech dysplasia, Achondrogenesis type 2, Platyspondylic dysplasia Torrance type, Hypochondrogenesis, Spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia congenital (SEDC), Spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia (SEMD) Strudwick type, Kniest dysplasia, Spondyloperipheral dysplasia, Mild SED with premature onset arthrosis, SED with metatarsal shortening, Stickler syndrome type 1 AD 180 561
CTNS Cystinosis AR 76 148
CTSA Galactosialidosis AR 17 38
CTSC Periodontitis, juvenile, Haim-Munk syndrome, Papillon-Lefevre syndrome AR 19 92
CTSD Ceroid lipofuscinosis, neuronal AR 12 18
CTSK Pycnodysostosis AR 35 58
DHCR7 Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome AR 88 217
DPYD 5-fluorouracil toxicity AD/AR 62 86
DYM Dyggve-Melchior-Clausen dysplasia, Smith-McCort dysplasia AR 22 34
ETFA Glutaric aciduria, Multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency AR 8 29
ETFB Glutaric aciduria, Multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency AR 6 15
ETFDH Glutaric aciduria, Multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency AR 43 190
FH Hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer, Fumarase deficiency AD/AR 178 207
FOLR1 Cerebral folate deficiency AR 10 28
FUCA1 Fucosidosis AR 19 33
GAA Glycogen storage disease AR 193 573
GALC Krabbe disease AR 107 243
GALNS Mucopolysaccharidosis (Morquio syndrome) AR 53 334
GAMT Guanidinoacetate methyltransferase deficiency AR 18 58
GBA* Gaucher disease AR 84 488
GCDH Glutaric aciduria AR 90 241
GLA Fabry disease XL 226 937
GLB1 GM1-gangliosidosis, Mucopolysaccharidosis (Morquio syndrome) AR 90 220
GLDC Glycine encephalopathy AR 139 425
GM2A GM2-gangliosidosis, AB variant AR 10 12
GNE Proximal myopathy and ophthalmoplegia, Nonaka myopathy, Sialuria AD/AR 78 214
GNPTAB Mucolipidosis AR 166 184
GNPTG Mucolipidosis AR 45 46
GNS Mucopolysaccharidosis (Sanfilippo syndrome) AR 7 25
GPC3 Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome XL 33 75
GUSB* Mucopolysaccharidosis AR 27 62
HEXA Tay-Sachs disease, GM2-gangliosidosis, Hexosaminidase A deficiency AR 128 194
HEXB Sandhoff disease AR 55 120
HGSNAT Mucopolysaccharidosis (Sanfilippo syndrome), Retinitis pigmentosa AR 43 72
HRAS Costello syndrome, Congenital myopathy with excess of muscle spindles AD 43 31
HYAL1 Mucopolysaccharidosis AR 2 3
IDS* Mucopolysaccharidosis XL 85 637
IDUA Mucopolysaccharidosis AR 105 282
L2HGDH L-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria AR 15 79
LAMA2 Muscular dystrophy, congenital merosin-deficient AR 199 301
LAMP2 Danon disease XL 62 101
LDB3 Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), Myopathy, myofibrillar AD 9 14
LIPA Wolman disease, Cholesterol ester storage disease AR 27 93
MAN1B1 Intellectual developmental disorder AR 8 26
MAN2B1 Mannosidosis, alpha B, lysosomal AR 63 149
MANBA Mannosidosis, lysosomal AR 16 19
MCOLN1 Mucolipidosis AR 52 36
MFSD8 Ceroid lipofuscinosis, neuronal AR 27 47
MOCS1* Molybdenum cofactor deficiency AR 7 35
MOCS2 Molybdenum cofactor deficiency AR 10 16
MYOT Myopathy, myofibrillar, Muscular dystrophy, limb-girdle, 1A, Myopathy, spheroid body AD 6 16
NAGA Kanzaki disease, Alpha-n-acetylgalactosaminidase deficiency, Schindler disease type I, Schindler disease type III AR 7 10
NAGLU Mucopolysaccharidosis (Sanfilippo syndrome), Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, axonal, type 2V AR 74 171
NEU1 Sialidosis AR 22 62
NPC1 Niemann-Pick disease AR 164 472
NPC2 Niemann-pick disease AR 21 27
PEX1 Heimler syndrome, Peroxisome biogenesis factor disorder 1A, Peroxisome biogenesis factor disorder 1B AR 112 134
PEX10 Adrenoleukodystrophy, neonatal, Zellweger syndrome, Peroxisome biogenesis disorder, Ataxia AR 34 29
PEX12 Zellweger syndrome, Peroxisome biogenesis disorder AR 43 37
PEX13 Adrenoleukodystrophy, neonatal, Zellweger syndrome, Peroxisome biogenesis disorder AR 9 10
PEX16 Zellweger syndrome, Peroxisome biogenesis disorder AR 8 13
PEX26 Adrenoleukodystrophy, neonatal, Zellweger syndrome, Peroxisome biogenesis disorder AR 13 27
PEX3 Zellweger syndrome, Peroxisome biogenesis disorder AR 4 10
PEX5 Adrenoleukodystrophy, neonatal, Rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata, Zellweger syndrome, Peroxisome biogenesis disorder AR 8 14
PEX6 Heimler syndrome, Peroxisome biogenesis disorder 4A, Peroxisome biogenesis disorder 4B AR 58 107
PGK1 Phosphoglycerate kinase 1 deficiency XL 16 26
PHYH Refsum disease AR 12 36
PPT1 Ceroid lipofuscinosis, neuronal AR 94 77
PRODH* Hyperprolinemia AR 52 10
PSAP Krabbe disease, atypical, Metachromatic leukodystrophy due to saposin-b deficiency, Combined saposin deficiency, Gaucher disease, atypical, due to saposin C deficiency AD/AR 18 26
QDPR Hyperphenylalaninemia, BH4-deficient AR 14 66
RAI1 Smith-Magenis syndrome AD 37 112
SGSH Mucopolysaccharidosis (Sanfilippo syndrome) AR 55 148
SLC17A5 Sialuria, Finnish (Salla disease), Infantile sialic acid storage disorder AR 52 54
SLC25A15* Hyperornithinemia-hyperammonemia-homocitrullinemia syndrome AR 24 36
SLC46A1 Folate malabsorption AR 17 23
SMPD1 Niemann-Pick disease AR 110 249
SUMF1 Multiple sulfatase deficiency AR 21 53
SUOX Sulfocysteinuria AR 8 29
TCF4 Corneal dystrophy, Fuchs endothelial, Pitt-Hopkins syndrome AD 105 146
TPP1 Spinocerebellar ataxia, Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis type 2 AR 75 112
#

The gene has suboptimal coverage (means <90% of the gene’s target nucleotides are covered at >20x with mapping quality score (MQ>20) reads), and/or the gene has exons listed under Test limitations section that are not included in the panel as they are not sufficiently covered with high quality sequence reads.

*

Some, or all, of the gene is duplicated in the genome. Read more.

The sensitivity to detect variants may be limited in genes marked with an asterisk (*) or number sign (#). Due to possible limitations these genes may not be available as single gene tests.

Gene refers to the HGNC approved gene symbol; Inheritance refers to inheritance patterns such as autosomal dominant (AD), autosomal recessive (AR), mitochondrial (mi), X-linked (XL), X-linked dominant (XLD) and X-linked recessive (XLR); ClinVar refers to the number of variants in the gene classified as pathogenic or likely pathogenic in this database (ClinVar); HGMD refers to the number of variants with possible disease association in the gene listed in Human Gene Mutation Database (HGMD). The list of associated, gene specific phenotypes are generated from CGD or Mitomap databases.

Non-coding variants covered by Lysosomal Disorders and Mucopolysaccharidosis Panel

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Gene Genomic location HG19 HGVS RefSeq RS-number
ABCC8 Chr11:17415959 c.4412-13G>A NM_000352.3 rs1008906426
ABCC8 Chr11:17427028 c.3399+13G>A NM_000352.3 rs182340196
ABCC8 Chr11:17449501 c.2041-12C>A NM_000352.3
ABCC8 Chr11:17449510 c.2041-21G>A NM_000352.3 rs746714109
ABCC8 Chr11:17449514 c.2041-25G>A NM_000352.3
ABCC8 Chr11:17452526 c.1672-20A>G NM_000352.3
ABCC8 Chr11:17465872 c.1333-1013A>G NM_000352.3
ABCC8 Chr11:17470268 c.1177-53_1177-51delGTG NM_000352.3 rs1271038564
ABCC8 Chr11:17498513 c.-190C>G NM_000352.3
ADSL Chr22:40742514 c.-49T>C NM_000026.2
AMT Chr3:49459938 c.-55C>T NM_000481.3 rs386833677
ARG1 Chr6:131901748 c.306-611T>C NM_000045.3
ARSA Chr22:51064121 c.1108-12C>G NM_000487.5 rs757806374
ARSA Chr22:51064129 c.1108-20A>G NM_000487.5
BTD Chr3:15683399 c.310-15delT NM_000060.2 rs587783008
BTD Chr3:15687154 c.*159G>A NM_000060.2 rs530872564
CLN3 Chr16:28493392 c.1056+34C>A NM_000086.2
CLN3 Chr16:28497984 c.461-13G>C NM_000086.2 rs386833721
CLN6 Chr15:68506515 c.297+113G>C NM_017882.2
COL2A1 Chr12:48379984 c.1527+135G>A NM_001844.4
CTNS Chr17:3539712 c.-643_-642insT NM_004937.2
CTNS Chr17:3543481 c.-19-1G>A NM_001031681.2
CTNS Chr17:3552117 c.141-24T>C NM_001031681.2
CTNS Chr17:3563518 c.971-12G>A NM_001031681.2 rs375952052
CTSC Chr11:88070895 c.-55C>A NM_001814.4 rs766114323
CTSK Chr1:150778521 c.244-29A>G NM_000396.3
ETFDH Chr4:159593534 c.-75A>G NM_004453.2
ETFDH Chr4:159602711 c.176-636C>G NM_004453.2
GAA Chr17:78078341 c.-32-13T>A NM_000152.3
GAA Chr17:78078341 c.-32-13T>G NM_000152.3 rs386834236
GAA Chr17:78078351 c.-32-3C>A/G NM_000152.3
GAA Chr17:78078352 c.-32-2A>G NM_000152.3
GAA Chr17:78078353 c.-32-1G>C NM_000152.3
GAA Chr17:78078369 c.-17C>T NM_000152.3
GAA Chr17:78082266 c.1076-22T>G NM_000152.3 rs762260678
GAA Chr17:78090422 c.2190-345A>G NM_000152.3
GAA Chr17:78092432 c.2647-20T>G NM_000152.3
GALC Chr14:88401064 c.*12G>A NM_000153.3 rs372641636
GALC Chr14:88459574 c.-66G>C NM_000153.3 rs146439771
GALC Chr14:88459575 c.-67T>G NM_000153.3 rs571945132
GALC Chr14:88459917 c.-74T>A NM_001201402.1
GALC Chr14:88459971 c.-128C>T NM_001201402.1 rs181956126
GALNS Chr16:88898676 c.899-167A>G NM_000512.4
GALNS Chr16:88908390 c.245-11C>G NM_000512.4
GAMT Chr19:1399508 c.391+15G>T NM_138924.2 rs367567416
GBA Chr1:155205646 c.1225-14_1225-11delTGTCinsAGT NM_000157.3
GBA Chr1:155208109 c.589-12C>G NM_000157.3
GBA Chr1:155211053 c.-150A>G NM_000157.3 rs1232943445
GCDH Chr19:13010271 c.1244-11A>G NM_000159.3
GLA ChrX:100653945 c.640-11T>A NM_000169.2
GLA ChrX:100654735 c.640-801G>A NM_000169.2 rs199473684
GLA ChrX:100654793 c.640-859C>T NM_000169.2 rs869312374
GLA ChrX:100656225 c.547+395G>C NM_000169.2
GNPTAB Chr12:102159106 c.1613-25delA NM_024312.4 rs777271928
GNPTG Chr16:1412562 c.610-16_609+28del NM_032520.4 rs193302853
HEXA Chr15:72640009 c.1146+18A>G NM_000520.4
HEXB Chr5:74014605 c.1243-17A>G NM_000521.3
HEXB Chr5:74016442 c.1509-26G>A NM_000521.3 rs201580118
HEXB Chr5:74016585 c.1613+15_1613+18dupAAGT NM_000521.3 rs779273534
HEXB Chr5:74016926 c.1614-16_1615dupTTCATGTTATCTACAGAC NM_000521.3 rs756912360
HEXB Chr5:74016929 c.1614-14C>A NM_000521.3 rs201448394
HGSNAT Chr8:43028824 c.821-28_821-10delTTGCTTATGCTTTGTACTT NM_152419.2
IDS ChrX:148564764 c.1181-15C>A NM_000202.5
IDS ChrX:148568762 c.*57A>G NM_006123.4
IDS ChrX:148578704 c.709-657G>A NM_000202.5
L2HGDH Chr14:50735527 c.906+354G>A NM_024884.2
LAMA2 Chr6:129633984 c.3175-22G>A NM_000426.3 rs777129293
LAMA2 Chr6:129636608 c.3556-13T>A NM_000426.3 rs775278003
LAMA2 Chr6:129714172 c.5235-18G>A NM_000426.3 rs188365084
LAMA2 Chr6:129835506 c.8989-12C>G NM_000426.3 rs144860334
MOCS1 Chr6:39874534 c.*365_*366delAG NM_005943.5 rs397518419
MOCS1 Chr6:39876810 c.*7+6T>C NM_005943.5
MOCS1 Chr6:39894006 c.251-418delT NM_005943.5
NPC1 Chr18:21132700 c.1554-1009G>A NM_000271.4
NPC1 Chr18:21137182 c.882-28A>G NM_000271.4
NPC1 Chr18:21137182 c.882-28A>T NM_000271.4
NPC1 Chr18:21137182 c.882-28A>G/T NM_000271.4
PEX6 Chr6:42933858 c.2301-15C>G NM_000287.3 rs267608236
PEX6 Chr6:42933952 c.2300+28G>A NM_000287.3 rs267608237
PGK1 ChrX:77381262 c.1214-25T>G NM_000291.3
PPT1 Chr1:40539203 c.*526_*529delATCA NM_000310.3 rs386833624
PPT1 Chr1:40558194 c.125-15T>G NM_000310.3 rs386833629
PSAP Chr10:73583679 c.778-26C>A NM_001042465.1
QDPR Chr4:17500790 c.436+2552A>G NM_000320.2
SGSH Chr17:78190802 c.249+27_249+28delGG NM_000199.3
SMPD1 Chr11:6415102 c.1341-21_1341-18delAATG NM_000543.4 rs1312743513
TPP1 Chr11:6637752 c.887-18A>G NM_000391.3

Test Strengths

All exons of the *GBA* gene have segmentally duplicated pseudogenes that reduce sensitivity of NGS diagnostics in general. However, Blueprint Genetics custom assay has good coverage (>20x) with high mapping rates (mapping quality >40) for 100.0% of the target regions in *GBA* gene. Our validation showed high mean coverage of 184X for the *GBA* gene. Thus, our NGS Panel is not expected to have major limitations in detecting variants in *GBA* gene although clinical validation has not been performed at large scale for Gaucher disease.

The strengths of this test include:

  • CAP accredited laboratory
  • CLIA-certified personnel performing clinical testing in a CLIA-certified laboratory
  • Powerful sequencing technologies, advanced target enrichment methods and precision bioinformatics pipelines ensure superior analytical performance
  • Careful construction of clinically effective and scientifically justified gene panels
  • Some of the panels include the whole mitochondrial genome (please see the Panel Content section)
  • Our Nucleus online portal providing transparent and easy access to quality and performance data at the patient level
  • ~2,000 non-coding disease causing variants in our clinical grade NGS assay for panels (please see ‘Non-coding disease causing variants covered by this panel’ in the Panel Content section)
  • Our rigorous variant classification scheme
  • Our systematic clinical interpretation workflow using proprietary software enabling accurate and traceable processing of NGS data
  • Our comprehensive clinical statements

Test Limitations

The following exons are not included in the panel as they are not sufficiently covered with high quality sequence reads: *ADAMTSL2* (NM_014694:11-19). Genes with suboptimal coverage in our assay are marked with number sign (#) and genes with partial, or whole gene, segmental duplications in the human genome are marked with an asterisk (*) if they overlap with the UCSC pseudogene regions. Gene is considered to have suboptimal coverage when >90% of the gene’s target nucleotides are not covered at >20x with mapping quality score (MQ>20) reads. The technology may have limited sensitivity to detect variants in genes marked with these symbols (please see the Panel content table above).

This test does not detect the following:

  • Complex inversions
  • Gene conversions
  • Balanced translocations
  • Some of the panels include the whole mitochondrial genome but not all (please see the Panel Content section)
  • Repeat expansion disorders unless specifically mentioned
  • Non-coding variants deeper than ±20 base pairs from exon-intron boundary unless otherwise indicated (please see above Panel Content / non-coding variants covered by the panel).

This test may not reliably detect the following:

  • Low level mosaicism in nuclear genes (variant with a minor allele fraction of 14.6% is detected with 90% probability)
  • Stretches of mononucleotide repeats
  • Low level heteroplasmy in mtDNA (>90% are detected at 5% level)
  • Indels larger than 50bp
  • Single exon deletions or duplications
  • Variants within pseudogene regions/duplicated segments
  • Some disease causing variants present in mtDNA are not detectable from blood, thus post-mitotic tissue such as skeletal muscle may be required for establishing molecular diagnosis.

The sensitivity of this test may be reduced if DNA is extracted by a laboratory other than Blueprint Genetics.

For additional information, please refer to the Test performance section.

The genes on the panel have been carefully selected based on scientific literature, mutation databases and our experience.

Our panels are sectioned from our high-quality, clinical grade NGS assay. Please see our sequencing and detection performance table for details regarding our ability to detect different types of alterations (Table).

Assays have been validated for various sample types including EDTA-blood, isolated DNA (excluding from formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue), saliva and dry blood spots (filter cards). These sample types were selected in order to maximize the likelihood for high-quality DNA yield. The diagnostic yield varies depending on the assay used, referring healthcare professional, hospital and country. Plus analysis increases the likelihood of finding a genetic diagnosis for your patient, as large deletions and duplications cannot be detected using sequence analysis alone. Blueprint Genetics’ Plus Analysis is a combination of both sequencing and deletion/duplication (copy number variant (CNV)) analysis.

The performance metrics listed below are from an initial validation performed at our main laboratory in Finland. The performance metrics of our laboratory in Marlborough, MA, are equivalent.

Performance of Blueprint Genetics high-quality, clinical grade NGS sequencing assay for panels.

Sensitivity % (TP/(TP+FN) Specificity %
Single nucleotide variants 99.89% (99,153/99,266) >99.9999%
Insertions, deletions and indels by sequence analysis
1-10 bps 99.2% (7,745/7,806) >99.9999%
11-50 bps 99.13% (2,524/2,546) >99.9999%
Copy number variants (exon level dels/dups)
1 exon level deletion (heterozygous) 100% (20/20) NA
1 exon level deletion (homozygous) 100% (5/5) NA
1 exon level deletion (het or homo) 100% (25/25) NA
2-7 exon level deletion (het or homo) 100% (44/44) NA
1-9 exon level duplication (het or homo) 75% (6/8) NA
Simulated CNV detection
5 exons level deletion/duplication 98.7% 100.00%
Microdeletion/-duplication sdrs (large CNVs, n=37))
Size range (0.1-47 Mb) 100% (25/25)
     
The performance presented above reached by Blueprint Genetics high-quality, clinical grade NGS sequencing assay with the following coverage metrics
     
Mean sequencing depth 143X
Nucleotides with >20x sequencing coverage (%) 99.86%

Performance of Blueprint Genetics Mitochondrial Sequencing Assay.

Sensitivity % Specificity %
ANALYTIC VALIDATION (NA samples; n=4)
Single nucleotide variants
Heteroplasmic (45-100%) 100.0% (50/50) 100.0%
Heteroplasmic (35-45%) 100.0% (87/87) 100.0%
Heteroplasmic (25-35%) 100.0% (73/73) 100.0%
Heteroplasmic (15-25%) 100.0% (77/77) 100.0%
Heteroplasmic (10-15%) 100.0% (74/74) 100.0%
Heteroplasmic (5-10%) 100.0% (3/3) 100.0%
Heteroplasmic (<5%) 50.0% (2/4) 100.0%
CLINICAL VALIDATION (n=76 samples)
All types
Single nucleotide variants n=2026 SNVs
Heteroplasmic (45-100%) 100.0% (1940/1940) 100.0%
Heteroplasmic (35-45%) 100.0% (4/4) 100.0%
Heteroplasmic (25-35%) 100.0% (3/3) 100.0%
Heteroplasmic (15-25%) 100.0% (3/3) 100.0%
Heteroplasmic (10-15%) 100.0% (9/9) 100.0%
Heteroplasmic (5-10%) 92.3% (12/13) 99.98%
Heteroplasmic (<5%) 88.9% (48/54) 99.93%
Insertions and deletions by sequence analysis n=40 indels
Heteroplasmic (45-100%) 1-10bp 100.0% (32/32) 100.0%
Heteroplasmic (5-45%) 1-10bp 100.0% (3/3) 100.0%
Heteroplasmic (<5%) 1-10bp 100.0% (5/5) 99,997%
SIMULATION DATA /(mitomap mutations)
Insertions, and deletions 1-24 bps by sequence analysis; n=17
Homoplasmic (100%) 1-24bp 100.0% (17/17) 99.98%
Heteroplasmic (50%) 100.0% (17/17) 99.99%
Heteroplasmic (25%) 100.0% (17/17) 100.0%
Heteroplasmic (20%) 100.0% (17/17) 100.0%
Heteroplasmic (15%) 100.0% (17/17) 100.0%
Heteroplasmic (10%) 94.1% (16/17) 100.0%
Heteroplasmic (5%) 94.1% (16/17) 100.0%
Copy number variants (separate artifical mutations; n=1500)
Homoplasmic (100%) 500 bp, 1kb, 5 kb 100.0% 100.0%
Heteroplasmic (50%) 500 bp, 1kb, 5 kb 100.0% 100.0%
Heteroplasmic (30%) 500 bp, 1kb, 5 kb 100.0% 100.0%
Heteroplasmic (20%) 500 bp, 1kb, 5 kb 99.7% 100.0%
Heteroplasmic (10%) 500 bp, 1kb, 5 kb 99.0% 100.0%
The performance presented above reached by following coverage metrics at assay level (n=66)
Mean of medians Median of medians
Mean sequencing depth MQ0 (clinical) 18224X 17366X
Nucleotides with >1000x MQ0 sequencing coverage (%) (clinical) 100%
rho zero cell line (=no mtDNA), mean sequencing depth 12X

The target region for each gene includes coding exons and ±20 base pairs from the exon-intron boundary. In addition, the panel includes non-coding and regulatory variants if listed above (Non-coding variants covered by the panel). Some regions of the gene(s) may be removed from the panel if specifically mentioned in the ‘Test limitations” section above. If the test includes the mitochondrial genome the target region gene list contains the mitochondrial genes. The sequencing data generated in our laboratory is analyzed with our proprietary data analysis and annotation pipeline, integrating state-of-the art algorithms and industry-standard software solutions. Incorporation of rigorous quality control steps throughout the workflow of the pipeline ensures the consistency, validity and accuracy of results. Our pipeline is streamlined to maximize sensitivity without sacrificing specificity. We have incorporated a number of reference population databases and mutation databases including, but not limited, to 1000 Genomes Project, gnomAD, ClinVar and HGMD into our clinical interpretation software to make the process effective and efficient. For missense variants, in silico variant prediction tools such as  SIFT, PolyPhen,MutationTaster are used to assist with variant classification. Through our online ordering and statement reporting system, Nucleus, ordering providers have access to the details of the analysis, including patient specific sequencing metrics, a gene level coverage plot and a list of regions with suboptimal coverage (<20X for nuclear genes and <1000X for mtDNA) if applicable. This reflects our mission to build fully transparent diagnostics where ordering providers can easily visualize the crucial details of the analysis process.

We provide customers with the most comprehensive clinical report available on the market. Clinical interpretation requires a fundamental understanding of clinical genetics and genetic principles. At Blueprint Genetics, our PhD molecular geneticists, medical geneticists, and clinical consultants prepare the clinical statement together by evaluating the identified variants in the context of the phenotypic information provided in the requisition form. Our goal is to provide clinically meaningful statements that are understandable for all medical professionals regardless of whether they have formal training in genetics.

Variant classification is the cornerstone of clinical interpretation and resulting patient management decisions. Our classifications follow the ACMG guideline 2015.

The final step in the analysis is orthogonal confirmation. Sequence and copy number variants classified as pathogenic, likely pathogenic, and variants of uncertain significance (VUS) are confirmed using bi-directional Sanger sequencing or by orthogonal methods such as qPCR/ddPCR when they do not meet our stringent NGS quality metrics for a true positive call.

Our clinical statement includes tables for sequencing and copy number variants that include basic variant information (genomic coordinates, HGVS nomenclature, zygosity, allele frequencies, in silico predictions, OMIM phenotypes, and classification of the variant). In addition, the statement includes detailed descriptions of the variant, gene, and phenotype(s) including the role of the specific gene in human disease, the mutation profile, information about the gene’s variation in population cohorts, and detailed information about related phenotypes. We also provide links to the references, abstracts, and variant databases used to help ordering providers further evaluate the reported findings if desired. The conclusion summarizes all of the existing information and provides our rationale for the classification of the variant.

Identification of pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants in dominant disorders or their combinations in different alleles in recessive disorders are considered molecular confirmation of the clinical diagnosis. In these cases, family member testing can be used for risk stratification. We do not recommend using variants of uncertain significance (VUS) for family member risk stratification or patient management. Genetic counseling is recommended.

Our interpretation team analyzes millions of variants from thousands of individuals with rare diseases. Our internal database and our understanding of variants and related phenotypes increases with every case analyzed. Our laboratory is therefore well-positioned to re-classify previously reported variants as new information becomes available. If a variant previously reported by Blueprint Genetics is re-classified, our laboratory will issue a follow-up statement to the original ordering healthcare provider at no additional cost, according to our latest follow-up reporting policy.