Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM) Panel

Summary
Is a 92 gene panel that includes assessment of non-coding variants.

In addition, it also includes the maternally inherited mitochondrial genome.
Is ideal for patients who fulfill clinical diagnostic criteria for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) or have significant LVH without a history of high blood pressure or aortic stenosis .

Analysis methods
  • PLUS
Availability
4 weeks
Number of genes
92
Test code
CA1901
Panel tier
Tier 1
CPT Code *
81439, 81460, 81465
* The CPT codes provided are based on AMA guidelines and are for informational purposes only. CPT coding is the sole responsibility of the billing party. Please direct any questions regarding coding to the payer being billed.

Summary

The Blueprint Genetics Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM) Panel (test code CA1901):

Read about our accreditations, certifications and CE-marked IVD medical devices here.

ICD Codes

Refer to the most current version of ICD-10-CM manual for a complete list of ICD-10 codes.

Sample Requirements

  • Blood (min. 1ml) in an EDTA tube
  • Extracted DNA, min. 2 μg in TE buffer or equivalent
  • Saliva (Please see Sample Requirements for accepted saliva kits)

Label the sample tube with your patient’s name, date of birth and the date of sample collection.

We do not accept DNA samples isolated from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue. In addition, if the patient is affected with a hematological malignancy, DNA extracted from a non-hematological source (e.g. skin fibroblasts) is strongly recommended.

Please note that, in rare cases, mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) variants may not be detectable in blood or saliva in which case DNA extracted from post-mitotic tissue such as skeletal muscle may be a better option.

Read more about our sample requirements here.

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is one of the most common human monogenic disorders with prevalence estimates of 1:500, predicting approximately 600,000 persons with HCM in the US alone. It is also the most common cause for sudden cardiac death among young adults. HCM is generally defined by the development of unexplained left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and commonly caused by mutations in cardiac sarcomere genes. In HCM, LVH occurs in a non-dilated ventricle in the absence of other cardiac or systemic disease capable of producing the observed abnormal LV wall thickness. Systemic diseases that can mimic HCM are for example pressure overload due to long-standing hypertension or aortic stenosis, or storage/infiltrative disorders (Fabry disease, Pompe disease) or certain syndromes (Noonan spectrum diseases, Danon disease). The clinical manifestations of HCM range from asymptomatic LVH to progressive heart failure to ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death (SCD). Atrial fibrillation and atrioventricular conduction abnormalities can also manifest. HCM is the most common cause of sudden cardiac death under age of 30 and also the most common cause for SCD in athletes. SCD can be the first clinical manifestation even in patients with no clear LVH. Symptoms can vary from individual to individual even within the same family. Common symptoms include shortness of breath (particularly during exercise), chest pain, palpitations, orthostasis, presyncope, and syncope. Most often the LVH of HCM becomes apparent during adolescence or young adulthood, although it may also develop later in life, in infancy, or in childhood.

Genes in the Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM) Panel and their clinical significance

To view complete table content, scroll horizontally.

Gene Associated phenotypes Inheritance ClinVar HGMD
ABCC9 Atrial fibrillation, Cantu syndrome, Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) AD 27 46
ACAD9 Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase family, deficiency AR 26 61
ACADVL Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, very long chain, deficiency AR 119 282
ACTA1 Myopathy AD/AR 68 212
ACTC1 Left ventricular noncompaction, Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), Cardiomyopathy, restrictive, Atrial septal defect, Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) AD 23 63
ACTN2 Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) AD 11 44
AGK* Sengers syndrome, Cataract 38 AR 18 27
AGL Glycogen storage disease AR 142 245
ALPK3 Pediatric cardiomyopathy AD/AR 12 6
APOA1 Amyloidosis, systemic nonneuronopathic, Hypoalphalipoproteinemia AD/AR 28 71
BAG3 Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), Myopathy, myofibrillar AD 39 62
BRAF* LEOPARD syndrome, Noonan syndrome, Cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome AD 134 65
CACNA1C* Brugada syndrome, Timothy syndrome, Neurodevelopmental disorder AD 19 68
CBL Noonan syndrome-like disorder with or without juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia AD 24 43
COX15 Leigh syndrome, Cardioencephalomyopathy, fatal infantile, due to cytochrome c oxidase deficiency AR 7 5
CPT2 Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II deficiency AR 72 111
CSRP3 Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) AD 4 30
DES Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), Myopathy, myofibrillar, Scapuloperoneal syndrome, neurogenic, Kaeser type AD/AR 64 124
ELAC2 Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 17 AR 11 15
EPG5 Vici syndrome AR 36 66
FBXL4 Mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome AR 55 47
FHL1* Myopathy with postural muscle atrophy, Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy, Reducing bod myopathy XL 26 62
FHOD3 Cardiomyopathy, familial hypertrophic AD 1
FLNC* Myopathy, Cardiomyopathy AD 54 109
FXN* Friedreich ataxia AR 13 63
GAA Glycogen storage disease AR 193 573
GLA Fabry disease XL 226 937
GSK3B Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) 2
HRAS Costello syndrome, Congenital myopathy with excess of muscle spindles AD 43 31
JPH2 Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) AD 3 13
KLHL24 Epidermolysis bullosa simplex, generalized, with scarring and hair loss, Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) AD/AR 5 5
KRAS* Noonan syndrome, Cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome AD 63 35
LAMP2 Danon disease XL 62 101
MAP2K1 Cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome AD 45 23
MAP2K2 Cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome AD 21 35
MIPEP* Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 31 AR 5 8
MT-ATP6 Neuropathy, ataxia, and retinitis pigmentosa, Leber hereditary optic neuropathy, Ataxia and polyneuropathy, adult-onset, Cardiomyopathy, infantile hypertrophic, Leigh syndrome, Striatonigral degeneration, infantile, mitochondrial Mitochondrial 19
MT-ATP8 Cardiomyopathy, apical hypertrophic, and neuropathy, Cardiomyopathy, infantile hypertrophic Mitochondrial 4
MT-CO1 Myoglobinuria, recurrent, Leber hereditary optic neuropathy, Sideroblastic anemia, Cytochrome C oxidase deficiency, Deafness, mitochondrial Mitochondrial 17
MT-CO2 Cytochrome c oxidase deficiency Mitochondrial 8
MT-CO3 Cytochrome c oxidase deficiency, Leber hereditary optic neuropathy Mitochondrial 9
MT-CYB Mitochondrial 69
MT-ND1 Mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes, Leber hereditary optic neuropathy, Leber optic atrophy and dystonia Mitochondrial 21
MT-ND2 Leber hereditary optic neuropathy, Mitochondrial complex I deficiency Mitochondrial 6
MT-ND3 Leber optic atrophy and dystonia, Mitochondrial complex I deficiency Mitochondrial 7
MT-ND4 Leber hereditary optic neuropathy, Leber optic atrophy and dystonia, Mitochondrial complex I deficiency Mitochondrial 11
MT-ND4L Leber hereditary optic neuropathy Mitochondrial 2
MT-ND5 Myoclonic epilepsy with ragged red fibers, Mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes, Leber hereditary optic neuropathy, Mitochondrial complex I deficiency Mitochondrial 19
MT-ND6 Mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes, Oncocytoma, Leber hereditary optic neuropathy, Leber optic atrophy and dystonia, Mitochondrial complex I deficiency Mitochondrial 16
MT-RNR1 Deafness, mitochondrial Mitochondrial 3
MT-RNR2 Chloramphenicol toxicity/resistance Mitochondrial 2
MT-TA Mitochondrial 4
MT-TC Mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes Mitochondrial 3
MT-TD Mitochondrial 1
MT-TE Diabetes-deafness syndrome, Mitochondrial myopathy, infantile, transient, Mitochondrial myopathy with diabetes Mitochondrial 5
MT-TF Myoclonic epilepsy with ragged red fibers, Nephropathy, tubulointerstitial, Encephalopathy, mitochondrial, Epilepsy, mitochondrial, Myopathy, mitochondrial, Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy with lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes Mitochondrial 7
MT-TG Mitochondrial 3
MT-TH Mitochondrial 4
MT-TI Mitochondrial 7
MT-TK Myoclonic epilepsy with ragged red fibers, Leigh syndrome Mitochondrial 5
MT-TL1 Cytochrome c oxidase deficiency, Myoclonic epilepsy with ragged red fibers, Mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes, Diabetes-deafness syndrome, Cyclic vomiting syndrome, SIDS, susceptibility to Mitochondrial 14
MT-TL2 Mitochondrial multisystemic disorder, Progressive external ophthalmoplegia, Mitochondrial Myopathy, Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy with lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes Mitochondrial 5
MT-TM Leigh syndrome, Mitochondrial multisystemic disorder Mitochondrial 1
MT-TN Progressive external ophthalmoplegia, Mitochondrial multisystemic disorder Mitochondrial 3
MT-TP Mitochondrial 2
MT-TQ Mitochondrial multisystemic disorder Mitochondrial 2
MT-TR Encephalopathy, mitochondrial Mitochondrial 2
MT-TS1 Myoclonic epilepsy with ragged red fibers, Mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes Mitochondrial 10
MT-TS2 Mitochondrial multisystemic disorder Mitochondrial 2
MT-TT Mitochondrial 5
MT-TV Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), Leigh syndrome, Mitochondrial multisystemic disorder, Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy with lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes Mitochondrial 3
MT-TW Leigh syndrome, Myopathy, mitochondrial Mitochondrial 8
MT-TY Mitochondrial multisystemic disorder Mitochondrial 4
MTO1# Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency AR 16 24
MYBPC3 Left ventricular noncompaction, Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) AD 482 1048
MYH7 Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), Myopathy, myosin storage, Myopathy, distal, Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) AD 305 986
MYL2 Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), Infantile type I muscle fibre disease and cardiomyopathy AD/AR 21 67
MYL3 Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) AD/AR 12 41
NDUFAF2 Mitochondrial complex I deficiency, Leigh syndrome AR 9 8
PLN Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) AD/AR 8 30
PRKAG2 Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, Glycogen storage disease of heart, lethal congenital AD 19 57
PTPN11 Noonan syndrome, Metachondromatosis AD 135 140
RAF1 LEOPARD syndrome, Noonan syndrome, Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) AD 45 53
RIT1 Noonan syndrome AD 23 26
SLC25A4 Progressive external ophthalmoplegia with mitochondrial DNA deletions, Mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome AD/AR 12 14
SOS1 Noonan syndrome AD 44 71
TNNC1 Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) AD 9 24
TNNI3 Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), Cardiomyopathy, restrictive, Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) AD/AR 56 129
TNNT2 Left ventricular noncompaction, Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), Cardiomyopathy, restrictive, Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) AD 61 148
TPM1 Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) AD 34 98
TTR Dystransthyretinemic hyperthyroxinemia, Amyloidosis, hereditary, transthyretin-related AD 52 148
VCL Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) AD 8 30
#

The gene has suboptimal coverage (means <90% of the gene’s target nucleotides are covered at >20x with mapping quality score (MQ>20) reads), and/or the gene has exons listed under Test limitations section that are not included in the panel as they are not sufficiently covered with high quality sequence reads.

*

Some, or all, of the gene is duplicated in the genome. Read more.

The sensitivity to detect variants may be limited in genes marked with an asterisk (*) or number sign (#). Due to possible limitations these genes may not be available as single gene tests.

Gene refers to the HGNC approved gene symbol; Inheritance refers to inheritance patterns such as autosomal dominant (AD), autosomal recessive (AR), mitochondrial (mi), X-linked (XL), X-linked dominant (XLD) and X-linked recessive (XLR); ClinVar refers to the number of variants in the gene classified as pathogenic or likely pathogenic in this database (ClinVar); HGMD refers to the number of variants with possible disease association in the gene listed in Human Gene Mutation Database (HGMD). The list of associated, gene specific phenotypes are generated from CGD or Mitomap databases.

Non-coding variants covered by Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM) Panel

To view complete table content, scroll horizontally.

Gene Genomic location HG19 HGVS RefSeq RS-number
ACADVL Chr17:7123160 c.-144_-132delCCCAGCATGCCCCinsT NM_000018.3
ACADVL Chr17:7125469 c.822-27C>T NM_001270447.1 rs374911841
ACADVL Chr17:7125485 c.822-11T>G NM_001270447.1
ACADVL Chr17:7126199 c.1146+15C>T NM_001270447.1 rs202237278
ACADVL Chr17:7126948 c.1252-15A>G NM_001270447.1 rs765390290
ACADVL Chr17:7127894 c.1747+23C>T NM_001270447.1 rs147546456
ACTC1 Chr15:35080829 c.*1784T>C NM_005159.4
AGL Chr1:100381954 c.4260-12A>G NM_000028.2 rs369973784
APOA1 Chr11:116708299 c.-21+22G>A NM_000039.1
APOA1 Chr11:116708365 c.-65A>C NM_000039.1
GAA Chr17:78078341 c.-32-13T>G NM_000152.3 rs386834236
GAA Chr17:78078341 c.-32-13T>A NM_000152.3
GAA Chr17:78078351 c.-32-3C>A/G NM_000152.3
GAA Chr17:78078352 c.-32-2A>G NM_000152.3
GAA Chr17:78078353 c.-32-1G>C NM_000152.3
GAA Chr17:78078369 c.-17C>T NM_000152.3
GAA Chr17:78082266 c.1076-22T>G NM_000152.3 rs762260678
GAA Chr17:78090422 c.2190-345A>G NM_000152.3
GAA Chr17:78092432 c.2647-20T>G NM_000152.3
GLA ChrX:100653945 c.640-11T>A NM_000169.2
GLA ChrX:100654735 c.640-801G>A NM_000169.2 rs199473684
GLA ChrX:100654793 c.640-859C>T NM_000169.2 rs869312374
GLA ChrX:100656225 c.547+395G>C NM_000169.2
MYBPC3 Chr11:47353394 c.*26+2T>C NM_000256.3
MYBPC3 Chr11:47353821 c.3628-12C>G NM_000256.3 rs371428751
MYBPC3 Chr11:47359371 c.2309-26A>G NM_000256.3
MYBPC3 Chr11:47360310 c.2149-80G>A NM_000256.3
MYBPC3 Chr11:47364709 c.1227-13G>A NM_000256.3 rs397515893
MYBPC3 Chr11:47364832 c.1224-19G>A NM_000256.3 rs587776699
MYBPC3 Chr11:47364865 c.1224-52G>A NM_000256.3 rs786204336
MYBPC3 Chr11:47365750 c.1091-575A>C NM_000256.3
MYBPC3 Chr11:47367305 c.1090+453C>T NM_000256.3
MYBPC3 Chr11:47368602 c.906-22G>A NM_000256.3 rs756267771
MYBPC3 Chr11:47368616 c.906-36G>A NM_000256.3 rs864622197
PLN Chr6:118869382 c.-271A>G NM_002667.4
PLN Chr6:118869417 c.-236C>G NM_002667.4 rs188578681
PTPN11 Chr12:112915602 c.934-59T>A NM_002834.3
TPM1 Chr15:63349172 c.241-12_241-11delCTinsTG NM_001018005.1 rs199476309

Test Strengths

The strengths of this test include:

  • CAP accredited laboratory
  • CLIA-certified personnel performing clinical testing in a CLIA-certified laboratory
  • Powerful sequencing technologies, advanced target enrichment methods and precision bioinformatics pipelines ensure superior analytical performance
  • Careful construction of clinically effective and scientifically justified gene panels
  • Some of the panels include the whole mitochondrial genome (please see the Panel Content section)
  • Our Nucleus online portal providing transparent and easy access to quality and performance data at the patient level
  • ~2,000 non-coding disease causing variants in our clinical grade NGS assay for panels (please see ‘Non-coding disease causing variants covered by this panel’ in the Panel Content section)
  • Our rigorous variant classification scheme
  • Our systematic clinical interpretation workflow using proprietary software enabling accurate and traceable processing of NGS data
  • Our comprehensive clinical statements

Test Limitations

The following exons are not included in the panel as they are not sufficiently covered with high quality sequence reads: *MTO1* (NM_133645:7;NM_001123226:8). Genes with suboptimal coverage in our assay are marked with number sign (#) and genes with partial, or whole gene, segmental duplications in the human genome are marked with an asterisk (*) if they overlap with the UCSC pseudogene regions. Gene is considered to have suboptimal coverage when >90% of the gene’s target nucleotides are not covered at >20x with mapping quality score (MQ>20) reads. The technology may have limited sensitivity to detect variants in genes marked with these symbols (please see the Panel content table above).

This test does not detect the following:

  • Complex inversions
  • Gene conversions
  • Balanced translocations
  • Some of the panels include the whole mitochondrial genome but not all (please see the Panel Content section)
  • Repeat expansion disorders unless specifically mentioned
  • Non-coding variants deeper than ±20 base pairs from exon-intron boundary unless otherwise indicated (please see above Panel Content / non-coding variants covered by the panel).

This test may not reliably detect the following:

  • Low level mosaicism in nuclear genes (variant with a minor allele fraction of 14.6% is detected with 90% probability)
  • Stretches of mononucleotide repeats
  • Low level heteroplasmy in mtDNA (>90% are detected at 5% level)
  • Indels larger than 50bp
  • Single exon deletions or duplications
  • Variants within pseudogene regions/duplicated segments
  • Some disease causing variants present in mtDNA are not detectable from blood, thus post-mitotic tissue such as skeletal muscle may be required for establishing molecular diagnosis.

The sensitivity of this test may be reduced if DNA is extracted by a laboratory other than Blueprint Genetics.

For additional information, please refer to the Test performance section.

The genes on the panel have been carefully selected based on scientific literature, mutation databases and our experience.

Our panels are sectioned from our high-quality, clinical grade NGS assay. Please see our sequencing and detection performance table for details regarding our ability to detect different types of alterations (Table).

Assays have been validated for various sample types including EDTA-blood, isolated DNA (excluding from formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue), saliva and dry blood spots (filter cards). These sample types were selected in order to maximize the likelihood for high-quality DNA yield. The diagnostic yield varies depending on the assay used, referring healthcare professional, hospital and country. Plus analysis increases the likelihood of finding a genetic diagnosis for your patient, as large deletions and duplications cannot be detected using sequence analysis alone. Blueprint Genetics’ Plus Analysis is a combination of both sequencing and deletion/duplication (copy number variant (CNV)) analysis.

The performance metrics listed below are from an initial validation performed at our main laboratory in Finland. The performance metrics of our laboratory in Marlborough, MA, are equivalent.

Performance of Blueprint Genetics high-quality, clinical grade NGS sequencing assay for panels.

Sensitivity % (TP/(TP+FN) Specificity %
Single nucleotide variants 99.89% (99,153/99,266) >99.9999%
Insertions, deletions and indels by sequence analysis
1-10 bps 99.2% (7,745/7,806) >99.9999%
11-50 bps 99.13% (2,524/2,546) >99.9999%
Copy number variants (exon level dels/dups)
1 exon level deletion (heterozygous) 100% (20/20) NA
1 exon level deletion (homozygous) 100% (5/5) NA
1 exon level deletion (het or homo) 100% (25/25) NA
2-7 exon level deletion (het or homo) 100% (44/44) NA
1-9 exon level duplication (het or homo) 75% (6/8) NA
Simulated CNV detection
5 exons level deletion/duplication 98.7% 100.00%
Microdeletion/-duplication sdrs (large CNVs, n=37))
Size range (0.1-47 Mb) 100% (25/25)
     
The performance presented above reached by Blueprint Genetics high-quality, clinical grade NGS sequencing assay with the following coverage metrics
     
Mean sequencing depth 143X
Nucleotides with >20x sequencing coverage (%) 99.86%

Performance of Blueprint Genetics Mitochondrial Sequencing Assay.

Sensitivity % Specificity %
ANALYTIC VALIDATION (NA samples; n=4)
Single nucleotide variants
Heteroplasmic (45-100%) 100.0% (50/50) 100.0%
Heteroplasmic (35-45%) 100.0% (87/87) 100.0%
Heteroplasmic (25-35%) 100.0% (73/73) 100.0%
Heteroplasmic (15-25%) 100.0% (77/77) 100.0%
Heteroplasmic (10-15%) 100.0% (74/74) 100.0%
Heteroplasmic (5-10%) 100.0% (3/3) 100.0%
Heteroplasmic (<5%) 50.0% (2/4) 100.0%
CLINICAL VALIDATION (n=76 samples)
All types
Single nucleotide variants n=2026 SNVs
Heteroplasmic (45-100%) 100.0% (1940/1940) 100.0%
Heteroplasmic (35-45%) 100.0% (4/4) 100.0%
Heteroplasmic (25-35%) 100.0% (3/3) 100.0%
Heteroplasmic (15-25%) 100.0% (3/3) 100.0%
Heteroplasmic (10-15%) 100.0% (9/9) 100.0%
Heteroplasmic (5-10%) 92.3% (12/13) 99.98%
Heteroplasmic (<5%) 88.9% (48/54) 99.93%
Insertions and deletions by sequence analysis n=40 indels
Heteroplasmic (45-100%) 1-10bp 100.0% (32/32) 100.0%
Heteroplasmic (5-45%) 1-10bp 100.0% (3/3) 100.0%
Heteroplasmic (<5%) 1-10bp 100.0% (5/5) 99,997%
SIMULATION DATA /(mitomap mutations)
Insertions, and deletions 1-24 bps by sequence analysis; n=17
Homoplasmic (100%) 1-24bp 100.0% (17/17) 99.98%
Heteroplasmic (50%) 100.0% (17/17) 99.99%
Heteroplasmic (25%) 100.0% (17/17) 100.0%
Heteroplasmic (20%) 100.0% (17/17) 100.0%
Heteroplasmic (15%) 100.0% (17/17) 100.0%
Heteroplasmic (10%) 94.1% (16/17) 100.0%
Heteroplasmic (5%) 94.1% (16/17) 100.0%
Copy number variants (separate artifical mutations; n=1500)
Homoplasmic (100%) 500 bp, 1kb, 5 kb 100.0% 100.0%
Heteroplasmic (50%) 500 bp, 1kb, 5 kb 100.0% 100.0%
Heteroplasmic (30%) 500 bp, 1kb, 5 kb 100.0% 100.0%
Heteroplasmic (20%) 500 bp, 1kb, 5 kb 99.7% 100.0%
Heteroplasmic (10%) 500 bp, 1kb, 5 kb 99.0% 100.0%
The performance presented above reached by following coverage metrics at assay level (n=66)
Mean of medians Median of medians
Mean sequencing depth MQ0 (clinical) 18224X 17366X
Nucleotides with >1000x MQ0 sequencing coverage (%) (clinical) 100%
rho zero cell line (=no mtDNA), mean sequencing depth 12X

The target region for each gene includes coding exons and ±20 base pairs from the exon-intron boundary. In addition, the panel includes non-coding and regulatory variants if listed above (Non-coding variants covered by the panel). Some regions of the gene(s) may be removed from the panel if specifically mentioned in the ‘Test limitations” section above. If the test includes the mitochondrial genome the target region gene list contains the mitochondrial genes. The sequencing data generated in our laboratory is analyzed with our proprietary data analysis and annotation pipeline, integrating state-of-the art algorithms and industry-standard software solutions. Incorporation of rigorous quality control steps throughout the workflow of the pipeline ensures the consistency, validity and accuracy of results. Our pipeline is streamlined to maximize sensitivity without sacrificing specificity. We have incorporated a number of reference population databases and mutation databases including, but not limited, to 1000 Genomes Project, gnomAD, ClinVar and HGMD into our clinical interpretation software to make the process effective and efficient. For missense variants, in silico variant prediction tools such as  SIFT, PolyPhen,MutationTaster are used to assist with variant classification. Through our online ordering and statement reporting system, Nucleus, ordering providers have access to the details of the analysis, including patient specific sequencing metrics, a gene level coverage plot and a list of regions with suboptimal coverage (<20X for nuclear genes and <1000X for mtDNA) if applicable. This reflects our mission to build fully transparent diagnostics where ordering providers can easily visualize the crucial details of the analysis process.

We provide customers with the most comprehensive clinical report available on the market. Clinical interpretation requires a fundamental understanding of clinical genetics and genetic principles. At Blueprint Genetics, our PhD molecular geneticists, medical geneticists, and clinical consultants prepare the clinical statement together by evaluating the identified variants in the context of the phenotypic information provided in the requisition form. Our goal is to provide clinically meaningful statements that are understandable for all medical professionals regardless of whether they have formal training in genetics.

Variant classification is the cornerstone of clinical interpretation and resulting patient management decisions. Our classifications follow the ACMG guideline 2015.

The final step in the analysis is orthogonal confirmation. Sequence and copy number variants classified as pathogenic, likely pathogenic, and variants of uncertain significance (VUS) are confirmed using bi-directional Sanger sequencing or by orthogonal methods such as qPCR/ddPCR when they do not meet our stringent NGS quality metrics for a true positive call.

Our clinical statement includes tables for sequencing and copy number variants that include basic variant information (genomic coordinates, HGVS nomenclature, zygosity, allele frequencies, in silico predictions, OMIM phenotypes, and classification of the variant). In addition, the statement includes detailed descriptions of the variant, gene, and phenotype(s) including the role of the specific gene in human disease, the mutation profile, information about the gene’s variation in population cohorts, and detailed information about related phenotypes. We also provide links to the references, abstracts, and variant databases used to help ordering providers further evaluate the reported findings if desired. The conclusion summarizes all of the existing information and provides our rationale for the classification of the variant.

Identification of pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants in dominant disorders or their combinations in different alleles in recessive disorders are considered molecular confirmation of the clinical diagnosis. In these cases, family member testing can be used for risk stratification. We do not recommend using variants of uncertain significance (VUS) for family member risk stratification or patient management. Genetic counseling is recommended.

Our interpretation team analyzes millions of variants from thousands of individuals with rare diseases. Our internal database and our understanding of variants and related phenotypes increases with every case analyzed. Our laboratory is therefore well-positioned to re-classify previously reported variants as new information becomes available. If a variant previously reported by Blueprint Genetics is re-classified, our laboratory will issue a follow-up statement to the original ordering healthcare provider at no additional cost, according to our latest follow-up reporting policy.

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Ando, Y. et al., 2013. Guideline of transthyretin-related hereditary amyloidosis for clinicians. Orphanet J Rare Dis, 8, p.31.

Ashley, E.A. et al., 2012. Genetics and cardiovascular disease: a policy statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation, 126(1), pp.142–157.

Charron, P. et al. Genetic counselling and testing in cardiomyopathies: a position statement of the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases. Eur Heart J 2010, (22), 2715–2726.

Dubrey, S.W. et al. 2011. Amyloid diseases of the heart: assessment, diagnosis, and referral. Heart, 97(1), pp.75–84.

Gersh, B.J. et al., 2011. 2011 ACCF/AHA guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation, 124(24), pp.2761–2796.

Gollob, M.H. et al., 2011. Recommendations for the use of genetic testing in the clinical evaluation of inherited cardiac arrhythmias associated with sudden cardiac death: Canadian Cardiovascular Society/Canadian Heart Rhythm Society joint position paper. Can J Card, 27(2), pp.232–245.

Hershberger, R.E. et al., 2009. Genetic evaluation of cardiomyopathy–a Heart Failure Society of America practice guideline. J Card Failure, 15(2), pp.83–97.

Ingles, J. et al. A cost-effectiveness model of genetic testing for the evaluation of families with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Heart 2012, 98(8), 625–630.

Ingles, J. et al., 2013. Clinical predictors of genetic testing outcomes in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Genetics in Medicine, 15(12), pp.972–977.

Katzin, L.W. & Amato, A.A., 2008. Pompe disease: a review of the current diagnosis and treatment recommendations in the era of enzyme replacement therapy. J Clin Neuromusc Dis, 9(4), pp.421–431.

Maron, B.J., 1997. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Lancet, 350(9071), pp.127–133.

Maron, B.J. & Maron, M.S., 2013. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Lancet, 381(9862), pp.242–255.

Maron, B.J. et al. Contemporary Definitions and Classification of the Cardiomyopathies: An American Heart Association Scientific Statement From the Council on Clinical Cardiology, Heart Failure and Transplantation Committee; Quality of Care and Outcomes Research and Functional Genomics and Translational Biology Interdisciplinary Working Groups; and Council on Epidemiology and Prevention. Circulation 2006, 113(14), 1807–1816.

Rauen, K.A., 2013. The RASopathies. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet, 14, pp.355–369.

Richards S et al. Standards and guidelines for the interpretation of sequence variants: a joint consensus recommendation of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics and the Association for Molecular Pathology. Genet Med 2015 Mar 5, in press.