Comprehensive Monogenic Diabetes Panel

Summary
Is a 67 gene panel that includes assessment of non-coding variants.

In addition, it also includes the maternally inherited mitochondrial genome.
Is ideal for patients with a clinical suspicion of monogenic diabetes or neonatal diabetes mellitus.

This comprehensive panel includes genes from the MODY Panel.

Analysis methods
  • PLUS
Availability
4 weeks
Number of genes
67
Test code
EN0401
Panel tier
Tier 2

Summary

The Blueprint Genetics Comprehensive Monogenic Diabetes Panel (test code EN0401):

Read about our accreditations, certifications and CE-marked IVD medical devices here.

ICD Codes

Refer to the most current version of ICD-10-CM manual for a complete list of ICD-10 codes.

Sample Requirements

  • Blood (min. 1ml) in an EDTA tube
  • Extracted DNA, min. 2 μg in TE buffer or equivalent
  • Saliva (Please see Sample Requirements for accepted saliva kits)

Label the sample tube with your patient’s name, date of birth and the date of sample collection.

We do not accept DNA samples isolated from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue. In addition, if the patient is affected with a hematological malignancy, DNA extracted from a non-hematological source (e.g. skin fibroblasts) is strongly recommended.

Please note that, in rare cases, mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) variants may not be detectable in blood or saliva in which case DNA extracted from post-mitotic tissue such as skeletal muscle may be a better option.

Read more about our sample requirements here.

Monogenic diabetes consists of a heterogenous group of diabetes types that are caused by mutations in single genes, estimated to represent as much as 1-2% of all cases of diabetes mellitus (DM). The main phenotypes suggestive of an underlying monogenic cause include neonatal diabetes mellitus (NDM), maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) and other very rare diabetes-associated syndromes. Permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus (PNDM) is a monogenic form of neonatal diabetes characterized by persistent hyperglycemia within the first 12 months of life in general (median age of onset of nine weeks), requiring continuous insulin treatment. Initial clinical manifestations include hyperglycemia, glycosuria, intrauterine growth retardation, osmotic polyuria, severe dehydration, and failure to gain weight. The transient form of neonatal diabetes mellitus (TNDM) typically resolves by 18 months of age. Many patients display some degree of developmental coordination disorder. The incidence of NDM is estimated to be 1:95,000 to 1:150,000 live births. About 50% of NDM cases are permanent (PNDM) and 50% transient (TNDM). The condition has been reported in all ethnic groups and affects male and female infants equally. Neonatal diabetes is most commonly caused by mutations in the KCNJ11 (34%), ABCC8(24%), INS (13%) and GCK (4%) genes. The clinical manifestations differ depending on the underlying genetic defect. In KCNJ11 and ABCC8-related cases, patients usually present before three months of age with symptomatic hyperglycemia, and often ketoacidosis. Approximately 25% of patients with mutations in the KCNJ11 gene have related neurological findings, including developmental delay and epilepsy (DEND syndrome) or a milder form of DEND without seizures and with less severe developmental delay (intermediate DEND). In INS-related cases, patients present with marked hyperglycemia or diabetic ketoacidosis on average at nine weeks, but some at a much later age. GCK-related PNDM patients have permanent insulin-dependent diabetes from the first day of life. The Comprehesive Monogenic Diabetes Panel covers MODY, which is described in detail at MODY Panel description.

Genes in the Comprehensive Monogenic Diabetes Panel and their clinical significance

To view complete table content, scroll horizontally.

Gene Associated phenotypes Inheritance ClinVar HGMD
ABCC8 Hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia, Diabetes, permanent neonatal, Hypoglycemia, leucine-induced, Diabetes mellitus, transient neonatal, Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) AD/AR 170 641
APPL1 Maturity-onset diabetes of the young, type 14 AD 2 2
BLK Maturity onset diabetes of the young AD 5 9
CEL* Maturity-onset diabetes of the young, type 8 AD 4 13
EIF2AK3 SED, Wolcott-Rallison type AR 9 80
FOXP3 Immunodysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, and enteropathy XL 28 93
GATA6 Heart defects, congenital, and other congenital anomalies, Atrial septal defect 9, atrioventricular septal defect 5, Persistent truncus arteriosus, Tetralogy of Fallot AD 16 82
GCK Hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia, familial, Diabetes mellitus, permanent neonatal, Maturity-onset diabetes of the young, type 2 AD/AR 178 837
GLIS3 Diabetes mellitus, neonatal, with congenital hypothyroidism AR 7 18
GLUD1* Hyperammonemia-hyperinsulinism, Hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia AD/AR 14 38
HADH 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency AR 10 26
HNF1A Maturity onset diabetes of the young, Renal cell carcinoma, nonpapillary clear cell, Liver adenomatosis AD 78 528
HNF1B Renal cell carcinoma, nonpapillary chromophobe, Renal cysts and diabetes syndrome AD 35 234
HNF4A Congenital hyperinsulinism, diazoxide-responsive, Maturity onset diabetes of the young, Fanconi renotubular syndrome 4 with maturity-onset diabetes of the young AD 32 147
INS Diabetes mellitus, permanent neonatal, Hyperproinsulinemia, familial, with or without diabetes, Maturity onset diabetes of the young AD/AR 33 78
INSR Hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia, familial, Rabson-Mendenhall syndrome, Donohoe syndrome AD/AR 44 190
KCNJ11 Hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia, Diabetes, permanent neonatal, Diabetes mellitus, transient neonatal, Maturity-onset diabetes of the young 13, Paternally-inherited mutations can cause Focal adenomatous hyperplasia AD/AR 63 178
KLF11 Maturity onset diabetes of the young AD 1 4
MT-ATP6 Neuropathy, ataxia, and retinitis pigmentosa, Leber hereditary optic neuropathy, Ataxia and polyneuropathy, adult-onset, Cardiomyopathy, infantile hypertrophic, Leigh syndrome, Striatonigral degeneration, infantile, mitochondrial Mitochondrial 19
MT-ATP8 Cardiomyopathy, apical hypertrophic, and neuropathy, Cardiomyopathy, infantile hypertrophic Mitochondrial 4
MT-CO1 Myoglobinuria, recurrent, Leber hereditary optic neuropathy, Sideroblastic anemia, Cytochrome C oxidase deficiency, Deafness, mitochondrial Mitochondrial 17
MT-CO2 Cytochrome c oxidase deficiency Mitochondrial 8
MT-CO3 Cytochrome c oxidase deficiency, Leber hereditary optic neuropathy Mitochondrial 9
MT-CYB Mitochondrial 69
MT-ND1 Mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes, Leber hereditary optic neuropathy, Leber optic atrophy and dystonia Mitochondrial 21
MT-ND2 Leber hereditary optic neuropathy, Mitochondrial complex I deficiency Mitochondrial 6
MT-ND3 Leber optic atrophy and dystonia, Mitochondrial complex I deficiency Mitochondrial 7
MT-ND4 Leber hereditary optic neuropathy, Leber optic atrophy and dystonia, Mitochondrial complex I deficiency Mitochondrial 11
MT-ND4L Leber hereditary optic neuropathy Mitochondrial 2
MT-ND5 Myoclonic epilepsy with ragged red fibers, Mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes, Leber hereditary optic neuropathy, Mitochondrial complex I deficiency Mitochondrial 19
MT-ND6 Mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes, Oncocytoma, Leber hereditary optic neuropathy, Leber optic atrophy and dystonia, Mitochondrial complex I deficiency Mitochondrial 16
MT-RNR1 Deafness, mitochondrial Mitochondrial 3
MT-RNR2 Chloramphenicol toxicity/resistance Mitochondrial 2
MT-TA Mitochondrial 4
MT-TC Mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes Mitochondrial 3
MT-TD Mitochondrial 1
MT-TE Diabetes-deafness syndrome, Mitochondrial myopathy, infantile, transient, Mitochondrial myopathy with diabetes Mitochondrial 5
MT-TF Myoclonic epilepsy with ragged red fibers, Nephropathy, tubulointerstitial, Encephalopathy, mitochondrial, Epilepsy, mitochondrial, Myopathy, mitochondrial, Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy with lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes Mitochondrial 7
MT-TG Mitochondrial 3
MT-TH Mitochondrial 4
MT-TI Mitochondrial 7
MT-TK Myoclonic epilepsy with ragged red fibers, Leigh syndrome Mitochondrial 5
MT-TL1 Cytochrome c oxidase deficiency, Myoclonic epilepsy with ragged red fibers, Mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes, Diabetes-deafness syndrome, Cyclic vomiting syndrome, SIDS, susceptibility to Mitochondrial 14
MT-TL2 Mitochondrial multisystemic disorder, Progressive external ophthalmoplegia, Mitochondrial Myopathy, Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy with lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes Mitochondrial 5
MT-TM Leigh syndrome, Mitochondrial multisystemic disorder Mitochondrial 1
MT-TN Progressive external ophthalmoplegia, Mitochondrial multisystemic disorder Mitochondrial 3
MT-TP Mitochondrial 2
MT-TQ Mitochondrial multisystemic disorder Mitochondrial 2
MT-TR Encephalopathy, mitochondrial Mitochondrial 2
MT-TS1 Myoclonic epilepsy with ragged red fibers, Mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes Mitochondrial 10
MT-TS2 Mitochondrial multisystemic disorder Mitochondrial 2
MT-TT Mitochondrial 5
MT-TV Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), Leigh syndrome, Mitochondrial multisystemic disorder, Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy with lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes Mitochondrial 3
MT-TW Leigh syndrome, Myopathy, mitochondrial Mitochondrial 8
MT-TY Mitochondrial multisystemic disorder Mitochondrial 4
NEUROD1 Maturity onset diabetes of the young AD/AR 3 18
NEUROG3 Diarrhea, malabsorptive, congenital AR 3 8
PAX4 Diabetes mellitus AD 3 10
PDX1 Pancreatic agenesis, Neonatal diabetes mellitus, Maturity-onset diabetes of the young, type 4, Lactic acidemia due to PDX1 deficiency AD/AR 10 28
PPARG Insulin resistance, Lipodystrophy, familial, partial AD/Digenic (Severe digenic insulin resistance can be due to digenic mutations in PPP1R3A and PPARG) 19 49
PTF1A Pancreatic and cerebellar agenesis, Pancreatic agenesis 2 AR 4 16
RFX6 Pancreatic hypoplasia, intestinal atresia, and gallbladder aplasia or hypoplasia, with or without tracheoesophageal fistula, Martinez-Frias syndrome, Mitchell-Riley syndrome AR 10 31
SLC16A1 Hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia, familial, Erythrocyte lactate transporter defect, Monocarboxylate transporter 1 deficiency, Myoclonic-atonic epilepsy AD/AR 12 14
SLC2A2 Glycogen storage disease, Fanconi-Bickel syndrome, Neonatal diabetes mellitus AR 24 73
UCP2 Hyperinsulinism AD/AR 7
WFS1 Wolfram syndrome, Wolfram-like syndrome, autosomal dominant, Deafness, autosomal dominant 6/14/38, Cataract 41 AD/AR 69 362
ZFP57 Diabetes mellitus, transient neonatal, 1 AR 7 15
#

The gene has suboptimal coverage (means <90% of the gene’s target nucleotides are covered at >20x with mapping quality score (MQ>20) reads), and/or the gene has exons listed under Test limitations section that are not included in the panel as they are not sufficiently covered with high quality sequence reads.

*

Some, or all, of the gene is duplicated in the genome. Read more.

The sensitivity to detect variants may be limited in genes marked with an asterisk (*) or number sign (#). Due to possible limitations these genes may not be available as single gene tests.

Gene refers to the HGNC approved gene symbol; Inheritance refers to inheritance patterns such as autosomal dominant (AD), autosomal recessive (AR), mitochondrial (mi), X-linked (XL), X-linked dominant (XLD) and X-linked recessive (XLR); ClinVar refers to the number of variants in the gene classified as pathogenic or likely pathogenic in this database (ClinVar); HGMD refers to the number of variants with possible disease association in the gene listed in Human Gene Mutation Database (HGMD). The list of associated, gene specific phenotypes are generated from CGD or Mitomap databases.

Non-coding variants covered by Comprehensive Monogenic Diabetes Panel

To view complete table content, scroll horizontally.

Gene Genomic location HG19 HGVS RefSeq RS-number
ABCC8 Chr11:17415959 c.4412-13G>A NM_000352.3 rs1008906426
ABCC8 Chr11:17427028 c.3399+13G>A NM_000352.3 rs182340196
ABCC8 Chr11:17449501 c.2041-12C>A NM_000352.3
ABCC8 Chr11:17449510 c.2041-21G>A NM_000352.3 rs746714109
ABCC8 Chr11:17449514 c.2041-25G>A NM_000352.3
ABCC8 Chr11:17452526 c.1672-20A>G NM_000352.3
ABCC8 Chr11:17465872 c.1333-1013A>G NM_000352.3
ABCC8 Chr11:17470268 c.1177-53_1177-51delGTG NM_000352.3 rs1271038564
ABCC8 Chr11:17498513 c.-190C>G NM_000352.3
BLK Chr8:11422122 c.*505G>T NM_001715.2
FOXP3 ChrX:49106917 c.*878A>G NM_014009.3
FOXP3 ChrX:49106919 c.*876A>G NM_014009.3
FOXP3 ChrX:49121118 c.-23+5G>A NM_014009.3
FOXP3 ChrX:49121121 c.-23+2T>G NM_014009.3
FOXP3 ChrX:49121122 c.-23+1G>A NM_014009.3
FOXP3 ChrX:49121122 c.-23+1G>T NM_014009.3
GATA6 Chr18:19749151 c.-530A>T NM_005257.4
GATA6 Chr18:19749272 c.-409C>G NM_005257.4
GCK Chr7:44186044 c.1022+18G>A NM_033507.1 rs150914617
GCK Chr7:44193073 c.49-15_49-11delCCCCTinsGGGAGGG NM_033507.1
GCK Chr7:44229009 c.-457C>T NM_000162.3 rs548039601
GCK Chr7:44229109 c.-557G>C NM_000162.3
HADH Chr4:108945190 c.636+471G>T NM_001184705.2 rs786200932
HADH Chr4:108948955 c.709+39C>G NM_001184705.2
HNF1A Chr12:121416034 c.-538G>C NM_000545.5
HNF1A Chr12:121416110 c.-462G>A NM_000545.5
HNF1A Chr12:121416281 c.-291T>C NM_000545.5 rs534474388
HNF1A Chr12:121416285 c.-287G>A NM_000545.5
HNF1A Chr12:121416285 NM_000545.5
HNF1A Chr12:121416289 c.-283A>C NM_000545.5
HNF1A Chr12:121416314 c.-258A>G NM_000545.5 rs756136537
HNF1A Chr12:121416354 c.-218T>C NM_000545.5
HNF1A Chr12:121416385 c.-187C>A/T NM_000545.5
HNF1A Chr12:121416385 NM_000545.5 rs970766228
HNF1A Chr12:121416385 NM_000545.5
HNF1A Chr12:121416391 NM_000545.5
HNF1A Chr12:121416437 NM_000545.5
HNF1A Chr12:121416446 NM_000545.5 rs780586155
HNF1A Chr12:121416453 c.-119G>A NM_000545.5 rs371945966
HNF1A Chr12:121416475 c.-97T>G NM_000545.5
HNF1A Chr12:121416508 NM_000545.5
HNF4A Chr20:42984253 c.-192C>G NM_175914.4
HNF4A Chr20:42984264 c.-181G>A NM_175914.4
HNF4A Chr20:42984271 c.-174T>C NM_175914.4
HNF4A Chr20:42984276 c.-169C>T NM_175914.4
HNF4A Chr20:42984299 c.-146T>C NM_175914.4
HNF4A Chr20:42984309 c.-136A>G NM_175914.4
HNF4A Chr20:43036000 c.291-21A>G NM_000457.4
INS Chr11:2181023 c.*59A>G NM_000207.2 rs397515519
INS Chr11:2181242 c.188-15G>A NM_000207.2 rs574629011
INS Chr11:2181258 c.188-31G>A NM_000207.2 rs797045623
INS Chr11:2181774 c.187+241G>A NM_000207.2
INS Chr11:2182419 c.-39A>C NM_000207.2
INS Chr11:2182532 c.-152C>G NM_000207.2 rs748749585
INS Chr11:2182532 c.-152C>A NM_000207.2
INS Chr11:2182533 c.-153C>G NM_000207.2
INS Chr11:2182543 c.-187_-164del NM_000207.2
KCNJ11 Chr11:17409692 c.-54C>T NM_000525.3
KCNJ11 Chr11:17409772 c.-134G>T NM_000525.3 rs387906398
NEUROD1 Chr2:182545307 c.-162G>A NM_002500.4 rs537184640
PPARG Chr3:12421189 c.83-14A>G NM_015869.4 rs371713160
PTF1A Chr10:23508305 c.*25470A>G NM_178161.2
PTF1A Chr10:23508363 c.*25528A>G NM_178161.2
PTF1A Chr10:23508365 c.*25530A>G NM_178161.2
PTF1A Chr10:23508437 c.*25602A>G NM_178161.2
PTF1A Chr10:23508442 c.*25607A>G NM_178161.2
PTF1A Chr10:23508446 c.*25611A>C NM_178161.2
RFX6 Chr6:117198947 c.224-12A>G NM_173560.3
SLC16A1 Chr1:113498814 c.-202G>A NM_003051.3 rs387906403
SLC16A1 Chr1:113499002 c.-391_-390insACGCCGGTCACGTGGCGGGGTGGGG NM_003051.3 rs606231172
SLC2A2 Chr3:170745041 c.-582A>C NM_000340.1
WFS1 Chr4:6271704 c.-43G>T NM_006005.3

Test Strengths

The strengths of this test include:

  • CAP accredited laboratory
  • CLIA-certified personnel performing clinical testing in a CLIA-certified laboratory
  • Powerful sequencing technologies, advanced target enrichment methods and precision bioinformatics pipelines ensure superior analytical performance
  • Careful construction of clinically effective and scientifically justified gene panels
  • Some of the panels include the whole mitochondrial genome (please see the Panel Content section)
  • Our Nucleus online portal providing transparent and easy access to quality and performance data at the patient level
  • ~2,000 non-coding disease causing variants in our clinical grade NGS assay for panels (please see ‘Non-coding disease causing variants covered by this panel’ in the Panel Content section)
  • Our rigorous variant classification scheme
  • Our systematic clinical interpretation workflow using proprietary software enabling accurate and traceable processing of NGS data
  • Our comprehensive clinical statements

Test Limitations

Genes with partial, or whole gene, segmental duplications in the human genome are marked with an asterisk (*) if they overlap with the UCSC pseudogene regions. The technology may have limited sensitivity to detect variants in genes marked with these symbols (please see the Panel content table above).

This test does not detect the following:

  • Complex inversions
  • Gene conversions
  • Balanced translocations
  • Some of the panels include the whole mitochondrial genome but not all (please see the Panel Content section)
  • Repeat expansion disorders unless specifically mentioned
  • Non-coding variants deeper than ±20 base pairs from exon-intron boundary unless otherwise indicated (please see above Panel Content / non-coding variants covered by the panel).

This test may not reliably detect the following:

  • Low level mosaicism in nuclear genes (variant with a minor allele fraction of 14.6% is detected with 90% probability)
  • Stretches of mononucleotide repeats
  • Low level heteroplasmy in mtDNA (>90% are detected at 5% level)
  • Indels larger than 50bp
  • Single exon deletions or duplications
  • Variants within pseudogene regions/duplicated segments
  • Some disease causing variants present in mtDNA are not detectable from blood, thus post-mitotic tissue such as skeletal muscle may be required for establishing molecular diagnosis.

The sensitivity of this test may be reduced if DNA is extracted by a laboratory other than Blueprint Genetics.

For additional information, please refer to the Test performance section.

The genes on the panel have been carefully selected based on scientific literature, mutation databases and our experience.

Our panels are sectioned from our high-quality, clinical grade NGS assay. Please see our sequencing and detection performance table for details regarding our ability to detect different types of alterations (Table).

Assays have been validated for various sample types including EDTA-blood, isolated DNA (excluding from formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue), saliva and dry blood spots (filter cards). These sample types were selected in order to maximize the likelihood for high-quality DNA yield. The diagnostic yield varies depending on the assay used, referring healthcare professional, hospital and country. Plus analysis increases the likelihood of finding a genetic diagnosis for your patient, as large deletions and duplications cannot be detected using sequence analysis alone. Blueprint Genetics’ Plus Analysis is a combination of both sequencing and deletion/duplication (copy number variant (CNV)) analysis.

The performance metrics listed below are from an initial validation performed at our main laboratory in Finland. The performance metrics of our laboratory in Marlborough, MA, are equivalent.

Performance of Blueprint Genetics high-quality, clinical grade NGS sequencing assay for panels.

Sensitivity % (TP/(TP+FN) Specificity %
Single nucleotide variants 99.89% (99,153/99,266) >99.9999%
Insertions, deletions and indels by sequence analysis
1-10 bps 99.2% (7,745/7,806) >99.9999%
11-50 bps 99.13% (2,524/2,546) >99.9999%
Copy number variants (exon level dels/dups)
1 exon level deletion (heterozygous) 100% (20/20) NA
1 exon level deletion (homozygous) 100% (5/5) NA
1 exon level deletion (het or homo) 100% (25/25) NA
2-7 exon level deletion (het or homo) 100% (44/44) NA
1-9 exon level duplication (het or homo) 75% (6/8) NA
Simulated CNV detection
5 exons level deletion/duplication 98.7% 100.00%
Microdeletion/-duplication sdrs (large CNVs, n=37))
Size range (0.1-47 Mb) 100% (25/25)
     
The performance presented above reached by Blueprint Genetics high-quality, clinical grade NGS sequencing assay with the following coverage metrics
     
Mean sequencing depth 143X
Nucleotides with >20x sequencing coverage (%) 99.86%

Performance of Blueprint Genetics Mitochondrial Sequencing Assay.

Sensitivity % Specificity %
ANALYTIC VALIDATION (NA samples; n=4)
Single nucleotide variants
Heteroplasmic (45-100%) 100.0% (50/50) 100.0%
Heteroplasmic (35-45%) 100.0% (87/87) 100.0%
Heteroplasmic (25-35%) 100.0% (73/73) 100.0%
Heteroplasmic (15-25%) 100.0% (77/77) 100.0%
Heteroplasmic (10-15%) 100.0% (74/74) 100.0%
Heteroplasmic (5-10%) 100.0% (3/3) 100.0%
Heteroplasmic (<5%) 50.0% (2/4) 100.0%
CLINICAL VALIDATION (n=76 samples)
All types
Single nucleotide variants n=2026 SNVs
Heteroplasmic (45-100%) 100.0% (1940/1940) 100.0%
Heteroplasmic (35-45%) 100.0% (4/4) 100.0%
Heteroplasmic (25-35%) 100.0% (3/3) 100.0%
Heteroplasmic (15-25%) 100.0% (3/3) 100.0%
Heteroplasmic (10-15%) 100.0% (9/9) 100.0%
Heteroplasmic (5-10%) 92.3% (12/13) 99.98%
Heteroplasmic (<5%) 88.9% (48/54) 99.93%
Insertions and deletions by sequence analysis n=40 indels
Heteroplasmic (45-100%) 1-10bp 100.0% (32/32) 100.0%
Heteroplasmic (5-45%) 1-10bp 100.0% (3/3) 100.0%
Heteroplasmic (<5%) 1-10bp 100.0% (5/5) 99,997%
SIMULATION DATA /(mitomap mutations)
Insertions, and deletions 1-24 bps by sequence analysis; n=17
Homoplasmic (100%) 1-24bp 100.0% (17/17) 99.98%
Heteroplasmic (50%) 100.0% (17/17) 99.99%
Heteroplasmic (25%) 100.0% (17/17) 100.0%
Heteroplasmic (20%) 100.0% (17/17) 100.0%
Heteroplasmic (15%) 100.0% (17/17) 100.0%
Heteroplasmic (10%) 94.1% (16/17) 100.0%
Heteroplasmic (5%) 94.1% (16/17) 100.0%
Copy number variants (separate artifical mutations; n=1500)
Homoplasmic (100%) 500 bp, 1kb, 5 kb 100.0% 100.0%
Heteroplasmic (50%) 500 bp, 1kb, 5 kb 100.0% 100.0%
Heteroplasmic (30%) 500 bp, 1kb, 5 kb 100.0% 100.0%
Heteroplasmic (20%) 500 bp, 1kb, 5 kb 99.7% 100.0%
Heteroplasmic (10%) 500 bp, 1kb, 5 kb 99.0% 100.0%
The performance presented above reached by following coverage metrics at assay level (n=66)
Mean of medians Median of medians
Mean sequencing depth MQ0 (clinical) 18224X 17366X
Nucleotides with >1000x MQ0 sequencing coverage (%) (clinical) 100%
rho zero cell line (=no mtDNA), mean sequencing depth 12X

The target region for each gene includes coding exons and ±20 base pairs from the exon-intron boundary. In addition, the panel includes non-coding and regulatory variants if listed above (Non-coding variants covered by the panel). Some regions of the gene(s) may be removed from the panel if specifically mentioned in the ‘Test limitations” section above. If the test includes the mitochondrial genome the target region gene list contains the mitochondrial genes. The sequencing data generated in our laboratory is analyzed with our proprietary data analysis and annotation pipeline, integrating state-of-the art algorithms and industry-standard software solutions. Incorporation of rigorous quality control steps throughout the workflow of the pipeline ensures the consistency, validity and accuracy of results. Our pipeline is streamlined to maximize sensitivity without sacrificing specificity. We have incorporated a number of reference population databases and mutation databases including, but not limited, to 1000 Genomes Project, gnomAD, ClinVar and HGMD into our clinical interpretation software to make the process effective and efficient. For missense variants, in silico variant prediction tools such as  SIFT, PolyPhen,MutationTaster are used to assist with variant classification. Through our online ordering and statement reporting system, Nucleus, ordering providers have access to the details of the analysis, including patient specific sequencing metrics, a gene level coverage plot and a list of regions with suboptimal coverage (<20X for nuclear genes and <1000X for mtDNA) if applicable. This reflects our mission to build fully transparent diagnostics where ordering providers can easily visualize the crucial details of the analysis process.

We provide customers with the most comprehensive clinical report available on the market. Clinical interpretation requires a fundamental understanding of clinical genetics and genetic principles. At Blueprint Genetics, our PhD molecular geneticists, medical geneticists, and clinical consultants prepare the clinical statement together by evaluating the identified variants in the context of the phenotypic information provided in the requisition form. Our goal is to provide clinically meaningful statements that are understandable for all medical professionals regardless of whether they have formal training in genetics.

Variant classification is the cornerstone of clinical interpretation and resulting patient management decisions. Our classifications follow the ACMG guideline 2015.

The final step in the analysis is orthogonal confirmation. Sequence and copy number variants classified as pathogenic, likely pathogenic, and variants of uncertain significance (VUS) are confirmed using bi-directional Sanger sequencing or by orthogonal methods such as qPCR/ddPCR when they do not meet our stringent NGS quality metrics for a true positive call.

Our clinical statement includes tables for sequencing and copy number variants that include basic variant information (genomic coordinates, HGVS nomenclature, zygosity, allele frequencies, in silico predictions, OMIM phenotypes, and classification of the variant). In addition, the statement includes detailed descriptions of the variant, gene, and phenotype(s) including the role of the specific gene in human disease, the mutation profile, information about the gene’s variation in population cohorts, and detailed information about related phenotypes. We also provide links to the references, abstracts, and variant databases used to help ordering providers further evaluate the reported findings if desired. The conclusion summarizes all of the existing information and provides our rationale for the classification of the variant.

Identification of pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants in dominant disorders or their combinations in different alleles in recessive disorders are considered molecular confirmation of the clinical diagnosis. In these cases, family member testing can be used for risk stratification. We do not recommend using variants of uncertain significance (VUS) for family member risk stratification or patient management. Genetic counseling is recommended.

Our interpretation team analyzes millions of variants from thousands of individuals with rare diseases. Our internal database and our understanding of variants and related phenotypes increases with every case analyzed. Our laboratory is therefore well-positioned to re-classify previously reported variants as new information becomes available. If a variant previously reported by Blueprint Genetics is re-classified, our laboratory will issue a follow-up statement to the original ordering healthcare provider at no additional cost, according to our latest follow-up reporting policy.