Whole Exome Family

Whole Exome Family includes high-quality whole-exome sequence analysis of single patient cases, coupled with whole exome deletion/duplication analysis and mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) sequence analysis. Whole Exome Family allows detection of single-nucleotide and indel variants, as well as deletions/duplications.

Whole-exome sequencing (WES) is a robust and one of the most comprehensive genetic tests to identify the disease-causing changes in a large variety of genetic disorders. In WES, protein-coding regions of all nuclear and mitochondrial genes (~20,000) of the human genome, ie, exome, are sequenced using next-generation sequencing technologies. While the exome constitutes only ~1% of the whole genome, 85% of all disease-causing mutations are located there.

WES is most suitable for individuals with

• Complex phenotypes with multiple differential diagnoses
• Genetically heterogeneous disorders
• Suspected genetic disorders where a specific genetic test is not available
• Inconclusive previous genetic testing

Blueprint Genetics Whole Exome tests have been developed to maximize diagnostic yields by generating high-quality and uniform sequencing data. The sequencing data are analyzed using an in-house, state-of-the art bioinformatics pipeline. Furthermore, the genetic information of patients is carefully interpreted by our team of geneticists and clinicians, utilizing information from the latest publications and up-to-date databases.

This test is not available for prenatal samples. The test is available in the US, Central America, South America, Western Europe, the UK, the Middle East, Canada, the Asia, and Australia.

Whole exome sequencing targets all protein coding exons and ± 20 base pairs from the exon-intron boundary. In addition, the test includes Mitochondrial Genome Sequencing (mtDNA) and around 2000 selected noncoding, deep intronic disease-causing variants (listed in Appendix 8 in the electronic version of the exome report).

The sequencing data generated in our laboratory is analyzed with our proprietary data analysis and annotation pipeline, integrating state-of-the art algorithms and software solutions. The proprietary automated bioinformatics pipeline is streamlined to maximize sensitivity without sacrificing specificity. It enables detection of single-nucleotide and small-indel variants from WES data in addition to large copy-number variants (≥1 exon level). Quality control steps are included throughout to ensure the consistency, validity, and accuracy of results.

• WES data are primarily analyzed for changes in genes that are known to be associated with human disease. We monitor recent literature and up-to-date databases to link variants in genes observed in patients with up-to-date information regarding the genes’ association with relevant diseases. To further aid the process of variant interpretation, observed variants are matched against a comprehensive set of databases of disease-related mutations, collected and curated in-house, and accessed from the public domain or licensed from commercial sources. We have incorporated a number of reference population databases and mutation databases such as, but not limited, to gnomAD, ClinVar, and HGMD into our clinical interpretation software to make the process effective and efficient. For missense variants, in silico tools such as SIFT, PolyPhen, and MutationTaster are used to assist with variant classification. Splicing analysis is carried out either by using Pangolin or Alamut Visual Software (SpliceSiteFinder-like, MaxEntScan, NNSPLICE, GeneSplicer).

Through our online ordering and statement reporting system, Nucleus, the customer has access to details of the analysis, including patient-specific sequencing metrics such as coverage and sequencing depth. This reflects our mission to provide fully transparent genetic diagnostics where customers have easy access to key details of the analysis.

During the analysis of the WES data, we are looking for a genetic explanation for the patient’s symptoms. Therefore, analysis and reporting focus on variants that are directly related to the patient’s phenotype. This includes known/possibly disease-causing heterozygous variants in genes associated with autosomal dominant (AD) conditions, homozygous/compound heterozygous variants in genes associated with autosomal recessive (AR) conditions, or heterozygous/hemizygous/homozygous variants associated with X-linked disorders that are consistent with all, or a portion of, the patients’ phenotype as reported to the laboratory.

We use a variant-driven approach, often referred to as ‘genotype-first’ strategy in the literature. This approach is considered to be one of the major benefits of our WES and whole-genome sequencing as it means that we do not prefilter the sequencing data against predefined sets of genes that are thought to be associated with the patient’s disease but instead review all identified variants in all protein-coding genes complemented by noncoding genes with a known association with human disease. The genotype-first approach considers that many patients referred for WES may have 1) an atypical presentation of a relatively well-known syndrome, 2) a genetically highly heterogeneous syndrome, 3) a very rare disease with a clinical picture that has not yet been well established, or 4) the possibility of multiple diagnoses that may confound the clinical presentation.

The clinical and family history of the patient, including symptoms, age of onset, and prevalence and inheritance pattern of the disease are all taken into consideration. It is therefore important that the clinical and family history information provided is as detailed and complete as possible to ensure all relevant variants are reported. Carrier status of variants in genes not related to the patient’s phenotype are not specifically assessed and are not reported. 

Analysis of the WES data first focuses on genes that have an established association with genetic disorders. The genes with a known clinical association include those curated by Blueprint Genetics (BpG) and included in BpG diagnostic panels. This list is supplemented with genes included in the Clinical Genomics Database and the Developmental Disorders Genotype-Phenotype Database (DD2GP). The total number of genes that are considered clinically associated is currently in the order of 3800, although this number is constantly changing.

If analysis of variants in previously established disease genes is inconclusive, exome data are also analyzed for variants that are not located within known clinically associated genes but have properties that make them candidates to be disease-causing. These properties include 1) de novo variants in coding regions (for probands who were whole exome sequenced with parents), 2) novel heterozygous truncating variants in genes predicted to be intolerant for loss-of-function variation based on gnomAD variant data (probability of loss-of-function intolerance score pLI≥0.9), or 3) rare homozygous truncating or compound heterozygous variants, or a combination of rare truncating and rare missense variants that are predicted deleterious by multiple in silico tools. Only variants in genes with expression pattern and function considered relevant for the phenotype are included in the clinical report.

As WES covers all protein-coding genes of the genome, it enables detection of variants that are not associated with the indication for performing WES but are of medical value for patient care. These findings are known as secondary findings. Blueprint Genetics follows the ACMG Recommendations for reporting secondary findings in WES to seek and report clinically actionable variants in genes determined by ACMG. These guidelines are followed if the patient or caregiver has opted-in for analysis and reporting of secondary findings. If parents or other family members are also participating in the WES analysis, they have the option to opt-in for analysis and reporting of secondary findings. Secondary findings for additional family members are reported in a separate clinical statement than that of the index patient and are independent of the secondary findings reported in the index patient.

Variant classification is the cornerstone of clinical interpretation and the resulting patient management decisions. Our classifications follow the ACMG guideline 2015.

Sequence variants classified as pathogenic, likely pathogenic, and variants of uncertain significance (VUS) are confirmed using bi-directional Sanger sequencing when they do not meet our stringent NGS quality metrics for a true positive call. Reported copy number variations with a size <10 exons are confirmed by orthogonal methods such as dPCR if the specific CNV has been seen less than three times at Blueprint Genetics.

We aim to provide customers with the most comprehensive clinical statement available on the market. Clinical interpretation requires a fundamental understanding of clinical genetics and genetic principles. At Blueprint Genetics, our PhD molecular geneticists and medical professionals and other highly experienced experts prepare clinical reports by evaluating the identified variants in the context of the phenotypic information provided in the requisition form. Our goal is to provide clinically meaningful statements that are understandable for all medical professionals regardless of whether they have formal training in genetics.

The clinical statement features tables that include basic variant information (genomic coordinates, HGVS nomenclature, zygosity, allele frequencies, in silico predictions, OMIM phenotypes and classification of the variant) for the sequencing and copy number variants identified. In addition, the statement includes detailed descriptions of the variant, gene, and phenotype(s), including the role of the specific gene in human disease, the mutation profile, information about the gene’s variation in population cohorts, and detailed information about related phenotypes. We also provide links to the references used, congress abstracts, and mutation databases to help our customers further evaluate the reported findings if desired. The conclusion summarizes all the existing information and provides our rationale for the classification of the variant.

Identification of pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants in dominant disorders or their combinations on different alleles in recessive disorders are considered molecular confirmation of the clinical diagnosis. In these cases, family member testing can be used for risk stratification within the family. In the case of variants of uncertain significance (VUS), we do not recommend family member risk stratification based on the VUS result. Furthermore, a VUS should not be used to determine patient management or clinical decision making (Richards et al, 2015).

Our interpretation team analyzes millions of variants from thousands of individuals with rare diseases. Our database, and our understanding of genetic variants and related phenotypes, continues to grow. Our laboratory is therefore well positioned to reclassify previously reported variants as new information becomes available. If a variant previously reported by Blueprint Genetics is reclassified, our laboratory will issue a follow-up statement to the original ordering health care provider at no additional cost.

As WES covers all protein-coding genes of the genome, it enables detection of variants that are not associated with the indication for performing WES but are of medical value for patient care. These findings are known as secondary findings. Blueprint Genetics follows the ACMG SF V3.2 for reporting of secondary findings in clinical exome and genome sequencing: A policy statement of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) to seek and report clinically actionable variants in genes determined by ACMG. These guidelines are followed if the patient or caregiver has opted-in for analysis and reporting of secondary findings. If parents or other family members are also participating in the WES analysis, they have the option to opt-in for analysis and reporting of secondary findings. Secondary findings for additional family members are reported in a separate clinical statement to that of index patient and are independent of the secondary findings reported in the index patient.